Epidemiologic Basis (XP entier)

Airborne transmission through infectious droplet nuclei Characteristics of an infectious patient Air circulation and ventilation Reducing expulsion of infectious material from source cases Host immune response Other modes of transmission: M. bovis Evaluation of the sensitivity of the tuberculin skin test Problems with the specificity of the tuberculin skin test in veterinary medicine Standardization of tuberculin and dosage in humans Variation in the specificity of the tuberculin skin test with a standard tuberculin dose-1-Approaches to determining the prevalence of tuberculous infection in the presence of cross-reactions attributable to environmental mycobacteria Time elapsed since becoming infected Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Spontaneously healed tuberculosis with fibrotic residuals Age Contribution of primary progressive disease, exogenous re-infection, and endogenous reactivation to morbidity Tuberculosis attributable to M. bovisPreface Efficient tuberculosis control can be achieved in the absence of an extensive theoretical background. However, a thorough understanding of the etiologic agent, the clinical presentation of tuberculosis, the epidemiology of tuberculosis, the role of various intervention strategies, and of how to efficiently apply the tools currently available for the control of tuberculosis, is likely to increase the efficiency of a national tuberculosis program. A theoretical background will also help program managers at all levels to base their practice on modern concepts of tuberculosis control, and to justify their actions when these are questioned by others. The International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) organizes international courses on tuberculosis control. These courses are largely aimed at health care personnel with responsibility at regional or national level within national tuberculosis programs. An attempt is made to provide the participants with a thorough theoretical knowledge of the basis of modern tuberculosis control strategies. The course content encompasses the following major components: ● Bacteriologic basis of tuberculosis control ● Clinical presentation and diagnosis of tuberculosis ● Epidemiologic basis of tuberculosis control ● Intervention strategies in tuberculosis control ● Principles of tuberculosis control (figure 1). Agent Individual Community Interventions Control Figure 1. The five elements which are necessary for the understanding of modern tuberculosis control.-6-Course participants are provided with a selected tuberculosis library containing approximately 100 original articles (continuously updated) which constitute the essential basis of the modules. The five components are logical and coherent, each one building upon the others (figure 1). Course participants first learn in depth about the etiologic agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, i.e., the bacteriologic basis of tuberculosis control. Second, they see what the …